Decoration   A Medieval Painting in the Making
 
 

On this page:

Metal foils

Pigments in
the Middle Ages

Grounding and
mixing of pigments

 
 
 
 
Metal foils and pigments

Metal foils


Metal foils were added before the paint work began. The now-painted ovals on the mouldings were originally covered with tin foil as a substitute for silver. The foils were probably glued on and then polished with an animal's tooth (preferably a wolf).

The metal foils were attached to the carved ovals with a thick glue solution. In lack of tin foil, which is no longer available, we used aluminium. Aluminium resembles tin and is more stable. This was the only case during the reconstruction process where we were forced to use a substitute for the original material.

When the foils were fastened and polished, the remaining ground was covered with diluted albumen to improve the adhesion of the paint layers yet to come.

  Metal foils added
Pigments in the Middle Ages    

The following pigments have been identified in the frontal: azurite (blue basic copper acetate), indigo (blue extract from the indigo plant), verdigris (green copper acetate), orpiment (yellow trisulphide of arsenic), raw sienna (yellowish-brown ferruginous-earth pigment), red lead (lead oxide), cinnabar (red mercuric sulphide; gives the colour vermilion), organic red colouring (a plant extract), haematite (a red ferric oxide ore), charcoal black, and white lead (lead carbonate).

Chalk and bone white had been added to the paint as filler, and analysis has shown that the binding medium was linseed oil.

To the top of this page

 
Grounding and mixing of pigments    
Doubleboiled linseed oil is gradually added to the dry pigment. Different pigments requires different amount of oil.   Pigment and linseed oil are mixed by hand by grounding with a glass muller on a marble slab. It is a critical process because some pigments require much grounding, while others will lose their colour if grounded too much.
A selection of pigments in the St. Olav frontal
Oil is added to dry pigment   Pigment and oit are mixed

Once the basic colours were prepared, mixing them was done to obtain the various blends of colours in the original. Some prepolymerized linseed oil was added to achieve a flexible paint suitable for small details.
 
The various blends of colours were done according to the technical analysis in the 1980s, but the result had to be continuously checked and rechecked by comparing with the original paint.
Mixing of the various blends of colours   Checking the various blends of colours
 
 
To the top of this page      
The Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Research  
 
 
  To NIKUs english homepage  


Editor:
Grete Gundhus

Webmaster:
webmaster@niku.no